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See pahng. Thai. 'Fan'. Of old an utensil of the Far East. Thai. Fan made of the leaf of a palm.
Thai. A folding fan. Made according to tradition in Chiang Mai in North Thailand and usually painted with scenes of Thai landscapes or ornamental motifs. Sanskrit. 'Lotus flower'. A general symbol in Indian culture associated with purity, creativity and fertility. In iconography it is often used as a pedestal or base for gods. In Buddhism it is a symbol of Enlightenment. See also pathum and Padma. Sanskrit. Another name for the Hindu goddess Lakshmi, in her form as 'mother of the earth'. See also padma.
Sanskrit. 'Lotus in the hand'. The bodhisattva Avalokitesvara in his appearance as creator, depicted with many small figures that emerge from his body and represent all beings, gods, and buddhas over whom he has the power to create. See also Radiating Avalokitesvara. Sanskrit. 'Lotus throne'. The seated pose of a divinity (asana) with crossed legs forming a circular space resembling an open lotus. See also pathum and padma. One of the subgroups of the Longneck Karen in Thailand, originally from Burma. They live principally in the province of Mae Hong Son. padwaanlawichanih (พัดวาลวีชนี) Thai. 'Royal
Fan and Yak's
Tail' or 'Royal Fan and
Fly Whisk'. Part of the Thai royal regalia or kakuttapan.
These are symbolic items that the king uses to ward off any peril that may
befall his people. During the reign of king
Thai. 'Fan of rank'. Religious fan used by monks to hide their face during certain prayers or in a ceremony when they preach in name of the Buddha and not themselves. Also talapat.
Thai-Chinese. Name for a kind of a semi-large bean with a hard nut-like shell (fig.), often seen for sale in bulk on markets around Bangkok's Chinatown. When peeled it is of a yellowish colour. It is used in soups as well as in rice dishes. Also spelt pae guay.
Thai name for tapioca starch, starch of the cassava. Thai. 'Eight lines' or 'eight stripes'. A nickname for Chachengsao. 1. For 230 years the capital of Burma and the city of Burma's golden era, between the 11th and 13th centuries AD. Its earliest edifice dates from the late ninth century and it was probably founded in 849 AD by the Burmese who lived on the irrigated rice lands of the Mandaley region, after the collapse of the earlier Pyo kingdom. The city was eventually abandoned subsequent to the invasion of Kublai Khan in 1287. There are still around 2,217 pagodas among the remains of another ...for more order our CDrom... 2. Art style from the period and region of Pagan. 1. A temple, religious or sacred tower in the form of a pyramid, often consisting of several stories and found in Burma, China, Korea and Japan. Similar to a chedi or stupa.
2. Idol found in such a temple. 3. In Vietnam, a temple in Mahayana Buddhism. Thai name for mangrove woods. pah kahsahwapad (ผ้ากาสาวพัสตร์) Thai. The saffron to brown colored robe for Buddhist monks. Within the temple compound this robe covers only one shoulder, but when monks go outside they usually cover themselves completely (fig.). When working (fig.) they wear a lighter shirt called angsa (fig.). Also kahsahwapad. See also traijiewon.
Thai. Multi-functional loincloth usually worn around the waist by farmers (fig.), when not used. It serves as a sarong, a loincloth for bathing in the open or as a headscarf but may also be applied as an improvised bag and sometimes even to cook food in.
Thai. 'Prostrating cloth'. A piece of cloth placed in front of an altar or Buddha image for resting one's hands and head while praying. This 25 by 50 centimetre yellow cloth is mainly used by -especially newly ordained- monks and novices and is often seen attached to their traijiewon. See Parileyyaka and pahng pah leh laai. Thai. The position, pose or style of a Buddha image, e.g. as used in the Phra prajam wan geut system. Also paang. Thai. 'Position of eating the gall-nut fruit'. Buddha image seated in the half lotus position with his left hand in his lap and with his right hand placing the gall-nut fruit (samoh) in his mouth to eat (chan). The Buddha sits enjoying happiness under a tree during the seventh week after his Enlightenment when in the morning Indra offers him the samoh, the medicinal fruit of the gall-nut tree, a tree of the genus terminalia. An alternative pose referring to the same narrative is called pahng rab (phon) samoh and shows the Buddha accepting the fruit with his right ...for more order our CDrom... pahng hahm phra kaen jan (ปางห้ามพระแก่นจันทน์) Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of stopping the sandalwood Buddha image'. Buddha image in a standing pose with a abhaya mudra corresponding to Monday in the Phra prajam wan geut system. In this pose the left hand is raised with the palm forward as if making a stopping sign and it refers to a scene when the Buddha returned from Tavatimsa heaven. When the Buddha was away king Udayana had a sandalwood replica made of him which he erected in a large hall in Sravasti. On his return this Buddha image greeted the Buddha in a miraculous manner, but the Buddha stopped this by raising his left hand ordering the image back to its place to enable it to serve as an example for the making of other images after his death. A variation of this is the abhaya mudra with the right hand raised, known as pahng hahm yaht. Only in Thailand there exists yet another variation in which the Buddha has two hands raised in front of ...for more order our CDrom...
pahng hahm samut (ปางห้ามสมุทร) Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of stopping the ocean' or 'calming the waters'. Buddha image in a standing pose with an abhaya mudra performed with two hands, a pose found only in Thailand. This pose correspond with Monday in the Phra prajam wan geut system and refers to an episode where the Buddha calmed the flood waters of the Nairanjana River, a tributary of the Ganges in ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of stopping the relatives' or 'calming the relatives'. Buddha image in a standing pose with an abhaya mudra corresponding to Monday in the Phra prajam wan geut system. In this pose the right hand is raised with the palm forward, as making a stopping sign. It refers to an episode where the Buddha returning from Tavatimsa heaven after an absence of three months stopped a quarrel among his relatives over the rights for water of a river flowing through their land. He arbitrated between blood relatives, of both his father and mother, forcing them to make a compromise and ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. 'Position of requesting for rain'. Buddha image in a seated or standing pose in which the right hand is held forward on chest level with the finger tips pointing forward or upward and the left hand is bent in front of the waist with the palm downward as if forming a bowl. This pose is related to the pahng song nahm pose and refers to a scene in which ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of the overspreading naga'. Buddha image seated in meditation on the coiled body of the naga Muchalinda that uses its head as a cover against rain. This pose refers to a scene during the sixth week after Siddhartha's Enlightenment, when the naga king protected the meditating Buddha against heavy rainfall by making a shelter with his multi-headed hood and lifted him above the flood waters by coiling its body under him. According to some old texts it coiled its body around the Buddha (fig.). This pose corresponds with Saturday in the Phra prajam wan geut system. Occasionally represented with ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of carrying the alms bowl (baat)'. Buddha image in a standing pose holding an alms bowl with both hands. This image corresponds with Wednesday during daytime in the Phra prajam wan geut system. This pose refers to the first morning in Kapilavasthu on the Buddha's first visit to his father's palace. In the early morning he went to beg for food among the subjects of his father since nobody had actually invited him for breakfast, although they had received him the night before and had prepared breakfast. Tradition however does not allow mendicant monks to ask for food but eat whatever ...for more order our CDrom...
pahng pah leh laai (ปางป่าเลไลย์) Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of Parileyyaka (pah leh laai) [forest]'. Buddha image in a pose seated in western style with a monkey and an elephant in the front. This image corresponds with Wednesday during night-time in the Phra prajam wan geut system. The pose refers to a scene in Kausambi during the tenth year after the Buddha's Enlightenment, when the disciples were quarreling amongst themselves causing the Buddha to retire in the forest, searching for calm. A monkey then brought him honey to eat and an elephant ...for more order our CDrom...
pahng plong kammatahn (ปางปลงกรรมฐาน) Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of meditating (kammataan) on the cremation or disposal of [a corpse] (plong)'. Buddha image in a standing pose with a walking stick hanging from his left hand and his right arm pointing downward, the hand slightly forward as if making a gesture, although the positions of the right hand and arm may vary slightly. It refers to the scene in which the Buddha meditates beside the corpse of a girl in Sawatthi on the nature of phenomenal existence and its cessation. Afterwards he took the girl's shroud and made it into a monastic robe ...for more order our CDrom...
pahng prathap yeun (ปางประทับยืน) Thai. 'Position of standing at ease'. Buddha image in a standing pose with both arms hanging passively alongside the body and the eyes downcast. In this pose the Buddha stands quietly before commencing his duties thus reflecting his ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. 'Position of accepting the gall-nut fruit'. Buddha image seated in the half lotus position with his left hand in his lap and his right arm extended to accept (rab) the gall-nut fruit (samoh). The Buddha sits enjoying happiness under a tree during the seventh week after his Enlightenment when in the morning Indra offers him the samoh, the medicinal fruit of the gall-nut tree, a tree of the genus terminalia. An alternative pose referring to the same narrative is called pahng chan (phon) samoh and shows the Buddha placing the fruit in his mouth with his right ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. 'Position of reflecting or thinking in retrospect'. Buddha image in a standing pose with both hands crossed over the chest, meaning 'contemplation', 'consideration' or 'retrospective thinking'. This pose refers to a scene in which the Buddha contemplates the subtle nature of dhamma and ponders on how to reveal this to mankind. This happened after the visit of the two merchants Tapussa and Bhalika came to pay their respects. The Buddha considered that his teachings may be understood better by some than by others. He compared this with the image of lotus flowers in which some are already flourishing above water and others are still below the surface awaiting their bloom. The pose of this image corresponds with Friday in ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. 'Position of sleeping or reclining'. Buddha image in a reclining pose. According to Indian tradition this pose refers to the Mahaparinippahn of the Buddha. Whilst in Thailand, from the Sukhothai period on, it is seen rather as a resting Buddha. The soles of the feet of larger Buddha images in this pose often bear the 108 auspicious signs (fig.). According to yet another view this pose refers to a scene in which the giant Asurindarahu wanted an audience with the Buddha. Proud of his size he didn't want to bow before the much smaller Buddha. Aware of the thoughts of the giant the Buddha manifested himself lying down with an enormous body, his feet larger than the body size of this giant (fig.). Totally impressed Asurindarahu learned a lesson, namely that there might always be more important or larger beings than one expects and therefore one better not believe rumours without prior consideration. This image corresponds with ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. 'Position of meditation'. Buddha image in a seated pose of concentration or meditation, similar to the dhyani mudra. It refers to a higher form of meditation and corresponds with Thursday in the Phra prajam wan geut system, associated with ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of having a bath'. Buddha image in a standing pose with a bathing cloth over the left shoulder and the right hand in front of the chest, as if throwing rain water over himself. The left arm hangs passively alongside the body. This pose refers to a scene that happened in Kosala district at Sravasti, in India. After receiving many meagre meals in his alms bowl during a prolonged period of drought the Buddha pitied the population and asked his disciples for a bathing cloth near a lotus pond in the garden of Jetavana. When he started to walk in the direction of the pond it began raining and ...for more order our CDrom... pahng tawaai naet (ปางถวายเนตร) Thai-Rajasap. 'Position of dedicating (tawaai) [with] the eyes'. Buddha image in a standing pose with the arms crossed in front of the waist, the right hand resting on the left. It refers to a scene just after the Buddha's Enlightenment when he, according to legend, admired the bodhi tree in gratitude for a whole week without even blinking his eyes (naet). During this event the Buddha was in a state of bliss in which he realized the triviality of all foregoing in his life and contemplated on the suffering of all living things, including the bodhi tree. This image corresponds with Sunday in the Phra prajam wan geut system and its name may also be translated as ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. Name for a traditional sarong-like garment for both women and men in the past. It consists of a piece of cloth wrapped once around the body and tied in a knot in the vicinity of the navel. It can be left dangling but as a rule the front end of the cloth is brought up and fold between the legs to the back, where ...for more order our CDrom...
pah phrae mongkon (ผ้าแพรมงคล) Thai name for a piece of 'silk' cloth in several different colours used in elemental worship and tied around objects, either to worship or for protection, such as the bow of a boat or a tree. In spite of its name this cloth is usually not made of silk (phrae) but is rather of ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. Piece of cloth with yan numbers and inscriptions, used as a charm to make someone invulnerable. Often red but appears also in others colours.
Thai. 'Celestial or heavenly cloth'. Ornament or decorated piece of cloth hanging in front of a pedestal. It is part of the pedestal and made from the same material. Usually with seated Buddha images or other seated deities.
Thai-Chinese. Name of a wok-fried pastry which, prior to consumption, is usually dipped in soya milk (nahm tao hoo), sweet and sour milk, or coffee. When fried the dough becomes of a golden colour and swells into a quaint curved x-shape. Sometimes translated as Chinese ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai. The code of 227 precepts for a Buddhist monk. See also Buddhist precepts. Thai. Cloth or clothes offered by a groom to his parents in law, after a wedding ceremony. Thai name for brocade. Thai. An obsolete coin equal to three satang. Thai. Name for Indra's abode, banner and vehicle. Thai. Sculpted vegetables. See also ponlamai kae salak. 1. Thai. A 'female' kite that fights the chula, the 'male' kite, during kite contests. The aim is to try and eliminate each others kite in the air. See also kite flying fights. 2. Thai for 'globe fish', 'balloon fish' or 'puffer' of the genus tetraodon. Thai for water hyacinth. 1. Dynasty that ruled over the Bihar and Bengal regions in northern India, between the 8th and 12th centuries AD. 2. Name given to an art form between the 8th and 12th centuries AD from the North Indian empire of Bihar and Bengal. Indian style sedan chair with a hood and concealing curtains. Also yahnamaht and yahnumaht. See also saliang and kaanhaam. An ancient language derived from Vedic Sanskrit and used in the sacred texts of Theravada or Hinayana Buddhism, contrary to Sanskrit which is used in Mahayana Buddhism. 1. A sacred image upon which protective and supernatural powers are bestowed. 2. Rare white metallic element used as a catalyst and in jewellery. A Hindu dynasty in Southeast India that flourished between the 4th and 8th centuries AD usually classified as post Gupta, from the 6th to 8th century AD, a significant period in art history. Name of a hill tribe people in Thailand, originally from Burma's Shan State. Their language belongs to the Austro-Asiatic linguistic group and they live principally in the province of Chiang Mai, where their population is estimated at around 2,300. Palong women traditionally dress in a short, usually blue or black, shinny jacket with a red collar and broad silver waistbands over a long red sarong. Their headdress is usually a simple towel wound around the head like a turban (fig.). Both men and women customarily decorate their teeth with gold and some women wear large, silver, disc-like earrings (fig.). Their livelihood consists of agriculture e.g. the growing of crops such as rice, corn, beans, sugarcane, tobacco, chilies and small plants yielding starchy roots. Besides this they ...for more order our CDrom...
Thai name for Burma. Sanskrit. 'Lord of the jungle'. A form of Shiva who offers protection against the dangers and demons of the jungle. Latin. Scientific name for ginseng. Thailand has two pandas, that were donated by China as friendship ambassadors which are kept in Chiang Mai Zoo. These large bear-like black and white mammals are native to China and Tibet. Their natural habitat is high up in the mountains of the Himalayas and they feed exclusively on ...for more order our CDrom...
Latin. Large genus of trees with around 600 species, found from East Africa to Australasia and the Pacific. They are palm-like evergreens and some grow to 15 meters and more. Thailand has two main species, namely the pandanus helicopus, called ton toey and the pandanus ordorus, called ton toey hom. Both have long and narrow sword shaped leaves, but those of the pandanus helicopus have an spiked edge, resembling the leaves of a pineapple plant, and those of the pandanus ordorus are smooth and are often used in cooking as a wrapping to give the food a specific scent or taste. Those are called bai toey hom and because of their scent (hom) they are often seen in bundles on the back shelf of cars, mainly in Bangkok taxis. The edible ...for more order our CDrom...
The tribe who fought with the Kauravas in the battle at Kuruksthera. Their leader was Pandu. Leader of the Pandava tribe and the (natural) father of Arjuna. pangkaan tang phra prajam wan (ผังการตั้งพระประจำวัน) Thai. Plan used in the Hindu phra prajam wan system indicating the order and direction of the different gods, including Rahu and Ketu.
Sanskrit-Thai. The five great rivers of India. See also Sapta Sindhava. Sanskrit-Thai. The five ascetics who eventually became disciples of the Buddha.
Thai. 'Rainy season'. Period from June to October that coincides with Buddhist Lent when the monks retreat in their temples to study and meditate, and refrain from traveling to prevent destroying young vegetation and new life that blooms in this period. According to tradition many young boys are ordained as novices (naen) or monks (phra) for ...for more order our CDrom... Thai. 'Thousand eyes'. A name for the god Indra. Thai. A king who lives for a thousand years, like the king from the story Khun Chang Khun Paen. See also Somdet Phra Pan Pie Luang. A small kind of tree with the scientific name carica papaja that grows to a height of 7.5 meters. The unripe fruits are used as the main ingredient in the popular Thai dish somtam. When ripe the fruits resemble the honey melon. Also called melon tree, pawpaw and in Thai malako. Latin. 'Sleep causing poppy'. A 50-150 centimeter tall plant in the botanical family of papaveraceae from which opium and morphine are extracted. Each plant normally yields 3 to 8 opium pods and its flowers may vary in colour from white-pink to red-purple.
A tree with the scientific name broussonetia papyrifera whose bark is used to make paper. In Thai ton sah, ton poh sah and ton poh krasah. Thai. 'Body cremation pavilion'. Thai term for a crematorium. Also tee plong sop and meru (mehn).
Thai. A graduate in theology. Sanskrit. Forest near Kausambi where two conversions took place. The first in the seventh year after the Buddha's Enlightenment, concerning the yaksha Avalaka, a tyrannous monster of immense powers who terrorized an entire city, and four years later, the conversion of the bandit Angulimala (fig.), the delinquent son of a brahmin who entered into the service of an evil master. It is also the forest to which the Buddha retired on his own to find rest and where he enjoyed the company of a lone elephant and a monkey, of whom he received miraculous assistance, a scene often portrayed in iconography and called pahng pah leh laai (fig.). In Thai usually called 'pah leh laai', but ...for more order our CDrom... Thai. Term for a state of complete bliss. With regards to the Buddha, oblivious to worldly things. See also Mahaparinirvana. Sanskrit. In Buddhism the final nirvana after death, when all rebirths cease. See also Mahaparinirvana. Thai for an academic degree. See also education. Thai for a doctor's degree or doctorate. See also education. Thai for a master's degree. See also education. Thai for a bachelor's degree. See also education. Sanskrit. 'Daughter of the mountain'. The shakti of Shiva in a serene form and mother of Ganesha (fig.). Also known as Uma and Devi.
Sanskrit. 'Lasso'. An attribute of Ganesha (fig.) used to combat lust and desire. In Thai buangbaat. Sanskrit. Shiva as the 'Lord of wild animals'. In South India this form of Shiva is represented with four arms, with one hand in a blessing pose, the second opened to accepting an offer, the third holding an axe, and the fourth with a small deer leaping from it. Name of a plant of which worldwide around 500 species exist. Most passionflowers are vines and grow in both the cooler mountains and the much hotter climate of the tropical rain forest. Passionflowers have a wide variety of colourful flowers, often perfumed and with additional sweet nectar glands on leaves, petioles and sometimes bracts. Its fruits contain a juice with an unique aromatic taste and smell. In Thai called katakrok, a name with a double usage, notably for the passiflora caerulea, as well as for the olax scandens, a species ...for more order our CDrom... Tropical fruit in Thailand belonging to a plant in the family of passionflowers and mainly cultivated in the North and Northeast. The fruits have a thick bright green skin with small light yellow to white spots, and their shape resembles a tomato. Inside its thick rind the passionfruit has many dark coloured seeds that are covered with a rather slimy fruit of flesh (fig.). It is best eaten with a teaspoon and its sweet and sour taste perks up by adding a little salt. The fruit season is from October to ...for more order our CDrom...
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